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| Vent pecking ： ウィキペディア英語版 |
Vent pecking
Vent pecking is an abnormal behaviour of birds performed primarily by commercial egg-laying hens. It is characterised by pecking damage to the cloaca, the surrounding skin and underlying tissue.〔Sherwin, C.M., (2010). The welfare and ethical assessment of housing for egg production. In ''The Welfare of Domestic Fowl and Other Captive Birds'', I.J.H. Duncan and P. Hawkins (eds), Springer, pp. 237-258〕 Vent pecking frequently occurs immediately after an egg has been laid when the cloaca often remains partly everted exposing the mucosa,〔Potzsch, C.J., Lewis, K., Nicol, C.J. and Green, L.E., (2001). A cross-sectional study of the prevalence of vent pecking in laying hens in alternative systems and its associations with feather pecking, management and disease. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 74: 259-272〕 red from the physical trauma of oviposition or bleeding if the tissue is torn by her laying an oversized egg. Vent pecking clearly causes pain and distress to the bird being pecked. Tearing of the skin increases susceptibility to disease and may become cannibalistic leading to evisceration of the pecked bird and ultimately, death.
==Prevalence and severity==
Surveys have shown that 27% of farmers reported seeing damage to the vents of their hens 〔Green, L.E., Lewis, K., Kimpton, A. and Nicol, C.J., (2000). Cross-sectional study of the prevalence of feather pecking in laying hens in alternative systems and its associations with management and disease. Veterinary Record, 147: 233-238.〕 and 36.9% of farmers reported vent pecking had occurred in their previous flock.〔 Whilst farmers attributed 1.3% of mortalities as due to vent pecking〔 the most common findings at autopsy were different types of cannibalism (65.51%), with vent cannibalism (38.57%) the most common.〔Weitzenburger, D., Vits, A., Hamann, H. and Distl, O., (2005). Effect of furnished small group housing systems and furnished cages on mortality and causes of death in two layer strains. British Poultry Science, 46: 553-559〕 The type of housing system markedly affects the prevalence of vent pecking with 22.5% of hens affected in free-range systems, 10.0% in barn systems, 6.2% in conventional cages and 1.6% in furnished cages, with a similar rank for the severity of vent pecking injuries.〔Sherwin, C.M., Richards. G.J. and Nicol, C.J., (2010). Comparison of the welfare of layer hens in 4 housing systems in the UK. British Poultry Science, 51: 488-499〕
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